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# U2DPN U2DPN is the first-ever Connectivity Real-World Asset (RWA) Marketplace for Data Transmission, transforming idle bandwidth into a tradable and liquid digital commodity. In today’s internet landscape, bandwidth is controlled by centralized providers, resulting in high costs, inefficiencies, and significant underutilization of edge capacity. U2DPN introduces a decentralized alternative by enabling anyone with a smartphone or device to become a node provider, contributing unused bandwidth to a global network. Through DePIN and RWA tokenization, U2DPN allows bandwidth to be bought, sold, and optimized in real-time, positioning it as the new commodity powering digital economies, similar to how electricity or oil fueled industrial growth. # Introduction # Overview The internet has become the backbone of every digital interaction, yet its underlying fuel - **bandwidth** - remains highly centralized, inefficiently allocated, and inaccessible as a financial asset. Traditional internet service providers dominate supply, leading to wasted capacity, inflated costs, and limited user participation. As demand for high-performance connectivity surges, from AI workloads to immersive gaming and Web3 applications, the gap between demand and efficient supply continues to widen. **U2DPN** addresses this inefficiency by pioneering the world’s first **Connectivity Real-World Asset Marketplace for Data Transmission**. By turning idle bandwidth into a liquid, tradable asset, U2DPN introduces a new paradigm where connectivity itself becomes a commodity - just like electricity, oil, or cloud storage. This positions U2DPN as a critical layer in the digital economy, enabling both infrastructure efficiency and financial accessibility. Through a **mobile-first, one-tap design**, U2DPN lowers entry barriers for node participation, making it possible for anyone with a smartphone to contribute bandwidth to the network. No specialized hardware, no technical setup, no middlemen - only direct, seamless onboarding. The network leverages **AI-driven routing and edge orchestration** to optimize resource allocation in real time, ensuring speed, reliability, and cost-effectiveness across global markets. At the economic layer, U2DPN merges **DePIN** with **RWA tokenization**. Every unit of bandwidth is transformed into a tradeable digital asset, enabling participants to monetize unused connectivity, while enterprises and developers access a decentralized pool of optimized bandwidth at scale. This dual system not only creates liquidity for an untapped resource but also builds resilience against centralized monopolies. Backed by **SSID and Chain Capital**, and with early traction including **$1M ARR, 200K+ contributor nodes, 92M+ sessions served, and a 120K+ member community**, U2DPN is already demonstrating strong product-market fit. Its vision is to redefine bandwidth as the next global internet commodity, establishing a decentralized, scalable, and financially inclusive marketplace for connectivity. # Mission At U2DPN, we believe bandwidth is the next great digital commodity - as essential as oil and electricity, powering everything from AI training, content delivery network to video streaming and IoT. Yet today, it remains locked in the hands of centralized providers, leading to inefficiency, high costs, and wasted capacity. Our mission is to change that. We are building the world’s first decentralized marketplace where bandwidth is tokenized as a Real-World Asset (RWA), transforming idle internet capacity into a liquid, tradable resource. Through a DePIN-powered network, anyone with a smartphone can become a bandwidth provider in just one tap, no hardware or technical setup required. Our mission unfolds across several core pillars: * Redefine Bandwidth as a Commodity – Establish bandwidth as a global resource, fueling the digital economy just like oil powers industry and electricity powers cities. * Tokenize Idle Capacity – Convert unused bandwidth into RWAs, creating a new layer of liquidity and real-world utility for both enterprises and individuals. * Democratize Participation – Empower millions of people worldwide, especially in underserved regions, to monetize idle bandwidth and gain financial inclusion. * Power the AI, Video, and IoT Boom – Meet exploding B2B demand, growing 33% annually, by providing faster, cheaper, and decentralized bandwidth for AI training, 4K/8K video, and IoT connectivity. * Deliver Enterprise-Grade Solutions – Build partnerships with tech firms, CDNs, and enterprises, offering scalable, cost-efficient alternatives to centralized ISPs. * Build Sustainable Infrastructure – Reduce global bandwidth waste by recycling unused capacity into productive digital infrastructure. * Scale Through Phased Growth – Execute a clear GTM strategy: bootstrap supply, drive B2B adoption, and expand to mass individual users worldwide. * Evolve into a Global Standard – Follow our roadmap from system optimization (2025) to open, decentralized private networks (2028), establishing U2DPN as the backbone of decentralized connectivity. This is not just about bandwidth. It is about reshaping the way the world connects, trades, and builds the digital future. # Roadmap U2DPN is designed for long-term evolution — from testing and validation to becoming the global standard for decentralized bandwidth. Our roadmap reflects a phased strategy that balances early traction, enterprise adoption, and global expansion. 2023 – Foundation & Testing * Built and tested the initial protocol architecture. * Launched mobile-first app (Android/iOS) with 1-tap node activation. * Achieved $1M ARR during testing phase. * Reached 200K+ contributor nodes and 92M+ sessions served. 2024 – Network Expansion & RWA Integration * Integrated bandwidth tokenization into RWAs. * Rolled out AI-driven routing and orchestration for optimized data flow. * Grew community to 120K+ across X, Twitter, and Discord. * Prepared compliance frameworks for enterprise adoption. 2025 – Enterprise Partnerships & DePIN Scaling * Secured strategic backers: SSID & Chain Capital. * Onboard B2B clients in AI, video streaming, and IoT. * Expand to 500K+ active contributor nodes globally. * Strengthen liquidity layer for bandwidth RWAs, enabling real-time trading. * Optimize system for lower costs vs. centralized ISPs. * Launch incentive programs to attract edge device providers worldwide. 2026 – Global Marketplace Launch * Officially launch the U2DPN RWA Marketplace for Bandwidth. * Enable cross-border trading of bandwidth as a commodity. * Deepen integrations with Web3 protocols, CDNs, and enterprise networks. * Reach multi-million ARR with growing institutional clients. 2027–2028 – Toward a Global Standard * Transition from controlled orchestration to open, decentralized private networks. * Achieve full-scale adoption across enterprises, governments, and individuals. * Establish bandwidth as a recognized RWA commodity class. * Position U2DPN as the backbone of decentralized connectivity infrastructure worldwide # “Digital Energy” = RWA × DePIN Bandwidth U2DPN Decentralized Subnet Network U2DPN treats bandwidth as a tokenized, metered “digital energy” unit, a real-world asset (RWA) that is supplied by distributed providers (DePIN) and purchased by consumers (AI workloads, streaming, Web3 infra). This bridges two fast-growing markets: * RWA tokenization: on-chain assets have reached \~$24B outstanding and are forecast toward \~$600B AUM by 2030 as regulated rails mature. * DePIN: sector capitalization surpassed $50B in 2024, with analysts projecting up to $3.5T by 2028 as physical infrastructure (connectivity, compute, storage, sensors) migrates on-chain. #### How big is “bandwidth as an RWA”? We triangulate with observable spend/volume benchmarks: 1. Global bandwidth demand (proxy through mobile traffic): Mobile networks alone carried \~126 exabytes/month at end-2024 (excluding fixed wireless access). Annualized, that equals \~1,512 EB/year, or 1.512×10¹² GB—and 5G’s share is rising fast. This is just one dimension of demand. Beyond mobile, U2DPN also addresses: * Residential static IP demand (for compliance, identity, and access use cases). * Datacenter connectivity (high-throughput, low-latency workloads). * Scraper automation & proxy packages (enterprise data collection, AI training pipelines, digital intelligence). Together, these segments represent an even broader and more diversified demand surface for tokenized, provable bandwidth units. 2. Tradable bandwidth potential. The scale of global data movement runs into trillions of gigabytes annually. This traffic represents the raw substrate for tokenization—provable, divisible bandwidth units that can clear across markets.\
3. These figures reflect only the global addressable demand for raw data movement, excluding adjacent categories such as CDN services, edge security, and QoS guarantees. For comparison, the CDN market stood at \~$21.4B in 2023 and is projected to reach \~$66.9B by 2030, driven by streaming and software delivery growth - an adjacent spend pool that U2DPN can tap into when decentralized bandwidth is coupled with routing and QoS capabilities. # Convergence Why It Matters: RWAs - unlocking capex in underserved regions. Why U2DPN exists. Data-hungry applications (AI training/inference, real-time media, gaming, Web3) are bottlenecked not just by compute, but by costly, centralized, and unevenly distributed bandwidth. Today’s model is dominated by walled-garden networks (cloud/ISP/CDN) with opaque pricing (egress), regional lock-ins, and underutilized last-mile capacity. U2DPN was created to unlock idle bandwidth supply globally and sell it as a verifiable, liquid RWA, clearing demand through an open marketplace. #### The Problem → U2DPN’s Solution 1. High and unpredictable egress/data-movement costs.\
* Problem. Moving bytes between clouds, regions, and the open internet is expensive and complex (tiered/region-dependent “egress” fees). Even where fees are being reduced or phased out (EU), enterprise planning still faces friction and vendor dependence.\
* U2DPN. Prices the bandwidth unit itself through a competitive on-chain auction/bid process, decoupled from any one provider. Consumers buy exactly-metered throughput from the best available subnet at that moment.\
2. Centralization, vendor lock-in, and limited resiliency.\
* Problem. Single-provider networks create single points of failure, jurisdictional chokepoints, and switching friction. Policy is changing (EU Data Act), but economics and architecture still favor incumbents.\
* U2DPN. A DePIN mesh of providers where routing, session establishment, verification, and reward distribution are protocolized - not custodial - improves fault tolerance, geographic coverage, and bargaining power for buyers.\
3. Idle capacity & last-mile inefficiency.\
* Problem. Vast household/enterprise links sit underutilized off-peak; rural and emerging markets lack monetization incentives for upgrades.\
* U2DPN. Converts idle capacity into a metered RWA with provable usage and automatic settlement, giving providers a reason to join and maintain quality.\
4. Opacity of QoS and billing.\
* Problem. Traditional bandwidth contracts bury SLAs, overage, and throttling in T\&Cs; usage measurement is siloed.\
* U2DPN. Enforces cryptographic session proofs and real-time reporting to an on-chain DPN Master Node and Indexing Protocol, making throughput, duration, fees, and rewards auditable. (See: provider/consumer handshake, Private Channel for data and Reporting Channel for metering; continuous verification; post-processing/explorer UIs.)\
5. Fragmented access for AI/Web3 workloads.\
* Problem. AI pipelines and decentralized services need burstable, geo-specific throughput that traditional contracts don’t offer without long commitments.\
* U2DPN. A marketplace that discovers price for where/when bandwidth is needed, using DNS-resolver–based demand signaling. Consumers broadcast demand, providers deliver, and after verified delivery, providers can claim payouts on-chain. #### What U2DPN will do (capabilities) * Turn bandwidth into a standardized, tradable RWA. Each session mints verifiable “digital energy” units (usage-backed claims) that can be priced, settled, and analyzed - compatible with broader RWA rails now scaling across finance.\
* Price discovery via decentralized auctions/bidding. Consumers broadcast demand; subnets compete on price/latency/reputation; settlement is automatic upon proof.\
* Provable metering + transparent rewards. DPN Master Node verifies metrics; Indexing Protocol publishes human-readable session data; Messaging Protocol pushes real-time updates to providers. Providers are rewarded pro-rata to delivered, verified bandwidth.\
* Composability. Session data and subnet stats become on-chain primitives - integrable with CDN-like overlays, rollup sequencers, AI inference routers, or third-party RWA markets.\
#### Why this matters long-term * Cost curve pressure on centralized egress/CDN. As EU/UK pressure and global competition lower switching frictions, open bandwidth markets can compete head-on on price/performance. U2DPN becomes the neutral clearing house for bytes. * Coverage & resilience as a network effect. More providers ⇒ denser subnets ⇒ better routes/latency ⇒ more demand (and vice versa) - the classic two-sided DePIN flywheel validated by peers. Finance-grade assetization of connectivity. Treating delivered bandwidth as a measured claim enables financing (pre-pay streams, forwards, insurance) just like other # Decentralize Data Transmission Network U2DPN transforms idle bandwidth into tradable real-world assets using a decentralized, blockchain-integrated peer-to-peer network. This whitepaper outlines its architectural framework, protocol mechanics, node design, cryptography model, incentive layer, and security/privacy guarantees. U2DPN coordinates bandwidth sharing via the U2U blockchain subnet, eliminating centralized intermediaries. **Participants:** * Providers: Share idle bandwidth, earn token rewards. * Consumers: Purchase bandwidth for privacy, performance, or bypassing censorship. * Validators: Secure the system via proof validation and reward distribution.
Node Types * Masternode: Consensus proof validation, distributes rewards/assets, dispute resolution. * Lightnode: Routing node, enables multi-hop, optimizes shortest/fastest routing. * Provider Node: Runs on multiple platforms, shares idle bandwidth directly with consumers.
In future iterations, nearby provider nodes can dynamically form clusters, effectively functioning as a CDN layer. This cluster-based model will allow higher bandwidth aggregation, caching, and regional distribution of content. It extends U2DPN use cases beyond secure private networking into CDN, gaming acceleration, and enterprise delivery solutions. # Technology Stack & Protocols Provider Registration & Heartbeat Flow * QUIC Protocol: High-speed, low-latency, multiplexed encrypted connections with NAT traversal. * Rust: Memory-safe, efficient, zero-copy data transmission for throughput optimization. * Intelligent DNS & Routing: Ensures shortest path and lowest latency between consumer and destination. * Blockchain (U2U Subnet): DAG-based, EVM-compatible chain with Helios Consensus for settlement and governance. # Cryptography & Secure Handshake **Information** * Node Identity: Ed25519 keypair per node (published on-chain). Ephemeral X25519 keys per session for forward secrecy. * Hashing: BLAKE3 for local metering; SHA-256 for cross-chain compatibility. * AEAD: AES-GCM or ChaCha20-Poly1305 for authenticated encryption. * KDF: HKDF-SHA256 to derive session keys. * MAC: HMAC-SHA256 for off-path telemetry integrity. **Handshake Process** * Discovery via Intelligent DNS with node IDs. * QUIC/TLS 1.3 establishes encrypted streams. * Application Identity Bind with signed Ed25519 proofs. * Ephemeral X25519 exchange with HKDF derivation. * Optional double-encryption via overlay AEAD. **Data Transmission Privacy** * Default: QUIC/TLS 1.3 AEAD per hop. * Optional: End-to-end AEAD overlay so intermediate lightnodes only relay ciphertext. * Zero-copy Rust pipeline preserves encryption until final processing point.
# Proof-of-Transmission (TEE-Based) To ensure trust in bandwidth delivery, U2DPN leverages Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) such as Intel SGX, AMD SEV, or AWS Nitro. Both Lightnodes and Providers run metering modules inside TEEs that count traffic volume, loss, jitter, and timestamps without exposing payload data. **Process:** * Enclave Metering – traffic counters are securely processed inside the enclave via zero-copy hooks. * Signed Interval Records (SIRs) – every Δt (e.g., 10s), enclaves generate a digest:\ digest = BLAKE3(counters || route\_id || salt\_epoch)\ and sign it with an ephemeral enclave key. * Remote Attestation – the enclave’s key is bound to its code hash (MRENCLAVE) through vendor attestation, proving authenticity. * Cross-Hop Validation – Masternodes verify SIRs from both Lightnode and Provider, checking byte counts, jitter, and audit nonces for consistency. * On-Chain Settlement – verified SIRs are aggregated into a Merkle tree, with roots committed on-chain for transparent payouts and reputation updates. **Security Properties:** * Authenticity: Proofs tied to verified enclave code. * Integrity: Enclave signatures + attestation quotes. * Privacy: Payload never leaves QUIC AEAD; only hashed counters are exported. * Anti-Fraud: Random audit nonces and cross-hop checks prevent fabricated traffic. # Privacy & Security * End-to-end encryption with QUIC/TLS and optional overlay AEAD. * Metadata minimization: only session hashes stored on-chain. * Censorship resistance with multi-hop routing and distributed egress. * Flexible provider deployments across desktop, mobile, and embedded devices. # Reputation & Ranking **Why** * Trust without central authority: on-chain verifiability, cryptographic attestations * Sybil resistance: stake-weighted identity, decay + diversity checks, cross-validation by masternodes. * Latency/perf aware: prioritize QoS, not just uptime. * Privacy-preserving: never require payload inspection; rely on signed metrics/proofs. **Reputation Signal Inputs** Each node i maintains a rolling, windowed stats vector over epochs (e.g., 24h buckets, 30–90 day lookback): * Availability A\_i: fraction of intervals with successful QUIC accept + minimal health checks. * Performance P\_i: composite of median RTT, jitter, loss, goodput vs. route baseline. * Reliability R\_i: session completion ratio, reconnect success, connection migration success. * Integrity I\_i: share of validated Proof-of-Transmission (no fraud flags), dispute loss rate. * Demand Fit D\_i: geo/ASN proximity match and destination success (egress ACL passes). * Stake & Tenure S\_i: bonded collateral (slashing coverage) and age since registration. * Peer Endorsements E\_i (optional): masternode-issued attestations; weighted by their own rep.
All signals come from signed reports (providers/lightnodes) and validator outcomes (masternodes). No raw traffic is exposed. **Reputation Score & Ranking** We compute a bounded score Rep\_i ∈ \[0, 1] using a Bayesian-smoothed and decay-weighted aggregation: Decay weighting (recentness bias): `w_t = exp(-λ * Δt) // λ e.g., 0.08–0.15; Δt in days` Per-signal normalized subscore: ``` A_i^* = clamp01(β_A0 + Σ_t w_t * availability_t) P_i^* = clamp01(β_P0 + Σ_t w_t * perf_normalized_t) R_i^* = clamp01(β_R0 + Σ_t w_t * completion_ratio_t) I_i^* = clamp01(β_I0 + Σ_t w_t * (1 - fraud_flag_rate_t)) D_i^* = clamp01(β_D0 + Σ_t w_t * demand_fit_t) S_i^* = clamp01(f(stake, tenure)) // diminishing returns on stake E_i^* = clamp01(Σ attestations weighted by attestor Rep) ``` Combined reputation with learnable weights (policy-set or DAO-tuned): ``` Rep_i_raw = Σ_k α_k * X_k^* // k ∈ {A,P,R,I,D,S,E}, Σ α_k = 1 Rep_i = sqrt(Rep_i_raw) // concave transform: reward consistency ``` **Penalties & floors:** * Fraud/Dispute penalty: multiplicative factor p ∈ \[0.0, 1.0] per epoch with validated fault. * Identity churn penalty: rotate identity too often → dampen S\_i^\*. * Regional fairness: per-region quota to avoid single ASN dominance (applied at selection time).\
**Selection score used by Intelligent DNS / path planner:** ``` Sel_i = Rep_i * QoS_i * PriceWeight_i QoS_i = 1 / (1 + norm_RTT + norm_jitter + norm_loss) PriceWeight_i = g(target_price, node_price) // favors near-target cost ``` **Sybil Resistance & Slashing** * Staking contract: register node → bond stake\_i. * Slashable events: proven fraud (forged metrics), route blackhole, repeated SLA breaches. * Progressive slashing: geometric schedule; heavy repeat offenders banned X epochs. * Identity binding: Ed25519 long-term key ↔ on-chain record; rotate with cooldown; stake transfers delayed (unbonding period).\
Merkle-committed off-chain rollups (from masternodes) feed the on-chain cache to minimize gas. Disputes can submit interval proofs referencing committed Merkle roots.
# Edge Clusters & CDN Layer (Provider Clustering) Group nearby provider nodes into clusters (Edge PoPs) to: * Reduce RTT and egress costs for popular destinations. * Support content distribution (web, media, API, game patches). * Add resilience and horizontal scaling for high-demand locales. **Cluster Formation & Membership** * Eligibility: Rep\_i above threshold, stake ≥ minStake\_cluster, region/ASN match. * Membership protocol: SWIM-style gossip (failure detection + membership) over QUIC control channel. * Shard & routing: Consistent hashing (e.g., rendezvous hashing) on content key {host, path, cache-key}. * Leader/Coordinator: RAFT-lite or epochal leader via VRF lottery (prevents sticky leaders). * Service ads: Cluster publishes SRV records to Intelligent DNS with health and capacity **CDN Data Plane** * Cache tiers: L1 (RAM) on edge providers; L2 (NVMe) within cluster; optional L3 regional. * QUIC Anycast: announce shared VIP via anycast/GeoDNS; ECMP within cluster using 5-tuple hash. * Content addressing: origin fetch over QUIC; cache key = normalized URL + Vary headers + E2E policy. * Integrity: optional content signatures (origin-signed SHA-256) or Merkle chunk trees for multi-source fetch.
**Control Plane & Cache Coordination** * Directory service: gossip index of hot keys, frequency counts, and TTLs. * Prefetch: predictive fetch based on demand spikes (short-term EWMA, Holt-Winters). * Admission & eviction: ARC/LIRS with priority boost by Rep\_i and regional hit ratio. * SLA policy: content owners may publish cache directives via signed manifests. **Security & Privacy** No payload inspection for private traffic. CDN applies only to opt-in content (public assets or owner-signed).
* Encrypted transport: QUIC/TLS; optional object-level AEAD for CDN objects at rest. * Abuse control: per-AS/region rate caps; anomaly detection (synchronicity, cache-miss storms). **Cluster Incentives & Revenue Split** * Route fees: per-hop share (already defined) for relay work. * CDN fees: request- and byte-priced; split by work share (serves, hit ratio, egress saved) and Rep\_i multiplier. * Treasury: portion reserved for cold-start replication and cross-region seeding. **Cluster Selection & Anycast Flow**
**Cluster score for DNS** `Sel_cluster = H( median(Rep_members), hit_ratio, avg_RTT, egress_savings, price )` where H is a normalized harmonic mean to avoid a single weak dimension dominating. \
# Performance Considerations * Low-latency routing via QUIC and DNS. * High throughput from Rust’s zero-copy pipeline. * Horizontal scalability through lightnode multi-hop. * Instant liquidity: session-based reward streaming. # $DPN Token The $DPN token is the foundational economic layer of the U2DPN Network. It acts as the medium of exchange for bandwidth services, the staking asset for node operators, and the mechanism through which incentives and fees circulate. By embedding $DPN directly into all transaction flows, the protocol transforms bandwidth from a traditionally centralized utility into a decentralized, liquid real-world asset (RWA). This architecture ensures that token demand is directly tied to real usage, creating a self-sustaining economy around data transmission. ## Network Roles and Token Flow The U2DPN Network operates through a layered node architecture, designed to ensure speed, reliability, and decentralization across all data transmission layers. The system relies primarily on LightNodes, which collectively maintain the network’s verification, routing, and security functions. **LightNodes**\ LightNodes are responsible for high-performance transaction verification and data routing. By staking $DPN, participants can operate LightNodes and earn rewards proportional to the bandwidth they process and the quality of service (QoS) they deliver. These nodes form the operational backbone of U2DPN, ensuring the accuracy, efficiency, and integrity of every transmission. Together, LightNodes establish a decentralized infrastructure that continuously validates data packets, optimizes routing paths, and reinforces the overall stability of the U2DPN Network.\
**Token Flow:** Within the U2DPN ecosystem, consumers utilize Layer 1 native tokens or $DPN to request and access bandwidth resources through on-chain smart contracts. Each request triggers an automated allocation cycle that distributes value transparently across the network’s participants. * \~90% of the allocated value is distributed to node providers (PeerNodes and LightNodes) as performance-based rewards.\
* \~10% is retained as protocol fees, which are directed toward PeerNode hosting incentives, network operations, and the buyback/burn program.\
Node operators may stake $DPN to expand their operational capacity and eligibility for higher-tier rewards. Underperforming or unreliable nodes may be subject to reduced rewards or slashing, ensuring the overall stability and efficiency of the network. This token flow ensures that $DPN is actively used in network operations and that its scarcity increases in tandem with network demand.
# Token Utility

#### $DPN Token Utility The $DPN token functions as the core economic layer of the Unified Decentralized Private Network, integrating value, participation, and network reliability into a unified mechanism. Its structure ensures that all network operations are transparently driven by measurable utility rather than speculation. **1. Network Usage and Bandwidth Exchange**\ $DPN operates as the native medium through which users can request and exchange bandwidth resources. Each request consumes tokenized network capacity, establishing a direct connection between bandwidth usage and token demand. This design anchors the token’s value in real network activity and data transmission volume. **2. Staking for LightNode Participation**\ Participants may stake $DPN to operate LightNode, core units that validate packet transmissions, verify routing paths, and maintain the cryptographic integrity of network sessions. LightNode operators are rewarded based on key service indicators such as latency, uptime, and bandwidth quality, contributing directly to the decentralization and stability of the network. **3. Provider Incentives and QoS Rewards**\ Bandwidth and routing providers receive $DPN as rewards for maintaining consistent, high-quality service. The reward model dynamically accounts for factors such as throughput, reliability, and packet accuracy—encouraging continuous optimization and performance-driven contribution across the network. **4. Operational Allocation, and Burn Mechanism**\ All network fees are redistributed through a transparent, automated process: * 4% of total protocol fees are allocated to an Operational Fee Pool, which supports ongoing network maintenance, infrastructure operation, and incentive distribution.\
* The remaining portion contributes to buy-back and burn activities, permanently reducing the circulating supply of $DPN.\
This dual mechanism ensures both sustainable network operations and long-term deflationary pressure, aligning economic stability with ecosystem growth. System Integration and Functional Necessity\ $DPN is required for all on-chain settlements, bandwidth allocation, and node validation within the network. Its embedded role guarantees functional alignment between token circulation, resource distribution, and overall network scalability.
# Privacy Policy ### U2DPN-Privacy Policy Last update: 2/10/2025 BandWidth Labs Inc. is committed to protecting your privacy. Our guiding principle toward data collection is to collect only the minimal data required to operate a world-class DPN service at scale. We want you to understand what information we collect, what we don't collect, and how we collect, use, and store information. We do not collect logs of your activity, including no logging of browsing history, traffic destination, data content, or DNS queries. We also never store connection logs, i.e., no logs of your IP address, your outgoing DPN IP address, connection timestamp, or session duration. We designed our systems not to have sensitive data about you; even when compelled, we cannot provide data that we do not possess.√ This Privacy Policy describes how and its affiliates ("BandWidth Labs Inc.," "we," "our'' or "us") collect, use, and share information in connection with your use of our websites services, and applications (collectively, the "Services"). This Privacy Policy (the "Privacy Policy") does not apply to information you may process when using our Services. 1\. (USER-CONTROLLED OPTION): PERSONAL INFORMATION Our DPN APP is a non-obligatory log network. BandWidth Labs Inc. are not available for the information related to the personal information of users, including but not limited to names (subscriber names, user’s names and screen names), addresses (including mailing addresses, residential address, business addresses) and telephones, unless the data you provide depending on the context of your interactions with us and the choices you make, including your privacy settings, and the products and features you use for the purpose of administering your subscription and for the purpose to enjoy our DPN services. Except for the limited exceptions, we don't automatically collect any Personal Information from you. When you open the APP seeking for our DPN services, the APP assigns a unique identifier to you for the service (such unique identifier just binds up with your device identification code, but does not tie to any other personal information of users). When you use the DPN services, we will check your account information through this unique identifier to determine the level of service you have signed up for before establishing your DPN connection. With some forms of payment, certain Mac version of our DPN services may redirect you to the website of a third-party payment processor (namely PayPal) to complete the transaction. We always strive to choose trustworthy processors, but we cannot fully guarantee their user privacy information management. So for better understanding of what personal information the processor collects and stores, please refer to the respective processor's terms and privacy policy. Therefore, except for the limited exception above, we do not know any means or source of user's detailed payment for DPN services (including any credit card or bank account number) or any billing records either. If you contact us directly, we may receive additional information about you such as your name, email address, phone number, the contents of the message and/or attachments you may send us, and any other information you may choose to provide. We may also receive a confirmation when you open an email from us. BandWidth Labs Inc. uses your email address (if any depending on your choice) for the following reasons: * Your email will be used to create an account, or to login an existing account with given email (via API endpoint: ). We do not store any user email information in our system. This helps users login to the system easily. * To communicate with you about your DPN services or respond to your communications. * To send you updates and announcements. * To send marketing information, such as BandWidth Labs Inc. updates, offers, surveys, invitations, advertisements and content about other matters in connection with BandWidth Labs Inc. ("Marketing emails"). You may choose to not receive Marketing emails by following the opt-out procedure described in these emails. BandWidth Labs Inc. uses your personal information only for the purposes listed in this Privacy Policy, and we don't sell your personal information to third parties without your prior consent. 2\. SERVICE INFORMATION RELATED TO YOUR DPN USAGE Subject to applicable laws and for the avoidance to infringe any internet service provider, any browsing information, traffic destination, data content, IP addresses, DNS queries or other similar information relating to your online activities transmitted by you to our servers is encrypted and cleared after the DPN "session" is closed. That said, we don't collect any information regarding the websites you visit or any data stored on or transmitted from your device, including any data that applications on your device may transmit through the DPN network. More specifically, BandWidth Labs Inc. has NO documents/information below under the situations of the limited connecting with your personal information and the non-collection of the websites you visit or any data stored on or transmitted from your device: * We do not know which user ever accessed a particular website or service. * We do not know which user was connected to the DPN at a specific time. * We do not know the set of original IP addresses of a user's computer or the temporarily assigned network addresses. If anyone would like to access to or try to compel BandWidth Labs Inc. to release user information based on any of the above, we cannot supply this information because the data don't exist. For the purpose to fulfill our contractual obligations in good faith and to make you enjoy excellent DPN services, we collect the following information related to your DPN usage: Information related to Apps and Apps versions We collect information related to which Apps and Apps version(s) you have activated. It makes our Support Team efficiently find out and eliminate technical issues for you. We may also collect information about the number of activated versions to know the number of our users, so as to further improve our service quality, and we guarantee that this is only for understanding the number of users and cannot collect your personal information. Information related to Connection We collect information about whether a DPN connection is successful on a particular day (but not a specific time of the day), to which DPN location (but not your assigned outgoing IP address), and from which country/ISP (but not your source IP address). The minimal information allows us to provide efficient technical support to you, such as identifying connection problems, providing country-specific advice about how to use our DPN services, and to enable our engineers to identify and fix network issues. The Size (in MB) of Data transferred (but not any websites you visit or any data transmitted from your device) We collect information regarding the total sum of data transferred by a given user. It is one of our service principles to provide unlimited data transfer, however if we notice that a user occupies more traffic than thousands of others combined, what influence other users to enjoy high-quality service, we may seek for the reason with the user. Anonymous Data for Network Diagnostics, Study and Analysis When you become one of our users for the DPN services, with your permission, we collect minimal usage statistics and anonymized analytics data used for network diagnostics in our network operations tools, for the purpose to optimize network speeds and to let us identify problems related to specific apps, DPN servers, or ISPs. Learning and analyzing the statistics allows us to improve the quality of the services and the products. We ensure the information we receive is fully anonymized and cannot be tied back to individual users (i.e., we do not store which user sent which data, and we do not store IP addresses). We will collect the following information: * Diagnostic information about if and how a DPN connection attempt failed. * Speed test data. * Crash reports, also without any personally identifiable information. These are handled in an anonymized form by third parties, dependent on the platform you are using. On iOS, Apple's crash reporting can be turned off in iOS settings. Conclusion We collect minimal usage statistics to maintain our quality of service. Although we provide service to users improving the network speed, we can't uniquely identify any specific behavior of any user, because thousands of users share one same location simultaneously to enjoy surfing the internet and the usage pattern overlaps with thousands of other customers who also connected to the same location on the same day. Regarding to the sensitive data, we've engineered our systems to categorically eliminate the storage of sensitive data. We never know HOW they have utilized our Service. We stand by our firm commitment to our customers' privacy by not possessing any data related to a user's online activities. 3\. THE USE AND SHARING OF INFORMATION How we use information We use the information we collect in various ways, including to: * Provide, operate, and maintain our Services; * Improve, personalize, and expand our Services; * Understand and analyze how you use our Services; * Develop new products, services, features, and functionality; * Communicate with you, either directly or through one of our partners, including for customer service, to provide you with updates and other information relating to the Service, and for marketing and promotional purposes; * Process your transactions; * Send you text messages and push notifications; * Find and prevent fraud; and * For compliance purposes, including enforcing our Terms of Service, or other legal rights, or as may be required by applicable laws and regulations or requested by any judicial process or governmental agency. How we share information We may share the information we collect in various ways, including the following: * Vendors and Service Providers. We may share information with third-party vendors and service providers that provide services on our behalf, such as helping to provide our Services, for promotional and/or marketing purposes, and to provide you with information relevant to you such as product announcements, software updates, special offers, or other information. * Aggregate Information. Where legally permissible, we may use and share information about users with our partners in aggregated or de-identified form that can't reasonably be used to identify you. * Information We Share When You Sign Up Through a Referral. If you sign up for our Services through a referral from a friend, we may share information with your referrer to let them know that you used their referral to sign up for our Services. * Analytics. We collect minimal usage statistics and anonymized analytics data used for network diagnostics in our network operations tools. Please see more information in Section 2 of this Privacy Policy. * Business Transfers. Information may be disclosed and otherwise transferred to any potential acquirer, successor, or assignee as part of any proposed merger, acquisition, debt financing, sale of assets, or similar transaction, or in the event of insolvency, bankruptcy, or receivership in which information is transferred to one or more third parties as one of our business assets. * As Required by Law and Similar Disclosures. We may also share information to (i) satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process, or governmental request; (ii) enforce this Privacy Policy and our Terms of Service, including investigation of potential violations hereof; (iii) detect, prevent, or otherwise address fraud, security, or technical issues; (iv) respond to your requests; or (v) protect our rights, property or safety, our users and the public. This includes exchanging information with other companies and organizations for fraud protection and spam/malware prevention. * With Your Consent. We may share information with your consent. 4\. ADVERTISING We do not serve any ads for the VIP subscription of our services. As well, we are proud to offer free, advertising-supported DPN services to the customers. We work with third-party advertising partners to show ads to the customers who choose free DPN services. We ensure that we do not target any personal information based on these ads. Although you opt in to use the free, advertising-supported DPN services, we won't share the advertisers any your personal information or any usage information without your prior consent. But we do not encourage and will not take any responsibility if you voluntarily provide information when you intentionally or unintentionally access those ads. Notwithstanding the foregoing, these advertising partners may set and access their own cookies, pixel tags, and similar technologies on our services, and they may otherwise collect or have access to information about you which they may collect over time and across different online services. To learn more about these programs, please visit: AdMob: Unity AD: Vungle: 5\. JURISDICTION AND APPLICABLE LAW Keeping your information private is our core mission. In service of this mission, BandWidth Labs Inc's registered place of business is in Singapore, where it has integrated data protection legislation. There are no special data retention laws and no guidance pertaining to e-discovery or disclosure to foreign law enforcement agencies in Singapore. The disclosure of personal data may follow this Privacy Policy. Required by any foreign law enforcement agencies, BandWidth Labs Inc. turns over protected user information only upon receipt of a valid subpoena, court order, or search warrant, which shall be served effectively under the Rules of Court of Singapore. More specifically, we think the subpoena, court order or search warrant may lose its coercive effect when it crosses its boundary. It only regains coercive effect on the other side of the line either through a domestication action (in the other state's courts) or under the authority of a statute. Additionally, we will notify affected users about any requests for their account information, unless prohibited from doing so by law or court order. Should we receive a valid served legal order, it is important to note that BandWidth Labs Inc. does not collect any IP addresses, browsing history, traffic data, or DNS queries that could be used to identify any specific user. 6\. DATA RETENTION We retain personal information we collect from you where we have an ongoing legitimate business need to do so (for example, to provide you with a service you have requested or to comply with applicable legal, tax, or accounting requirements). When we have no ongoing legitimate business need to process your personal information, we will either delete or anonymize it or, if this is not possible (for example, because your personal information has been stored in backup archives), then we will securely store your personal information and isolate it from any further processing until deletion is possible. We keep records of any correspondence, questions, complaints, or compliments (some in anonymous form) you submit to us, along with our response. Depending on how you contact us, we may collect your email address and any additional information you provide to us. Having full correspondence records enables us to provide the best possible customer support experience. We use emails for support correspondence: When you correspond with us using these emails, your correspondence records, including your name and email address, are stored in their systems 7\. SECURITY MEASURES BandWidth Labs Inc. is committed to protecting your information. We use best-in-class physical, procedural, and technical security with respect to our offices and information storage facilities so as to prevent any loss, misuse, unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification of information. Access to user information is restricted to staff who require such access to perform their job functions. While we believe these systems are robust, it is important to understand that no data security measures in the world can offer 100% protection. Servers are housed in data centers with strong security practices. None of these data centers require us to collect or store any traffic data or personal information related to your use of DPN services. If any data center were to ask us to log such data, we would immediately cease operations with that data center and find alternative options. Even if a government were to physically seize one of our DPN servers and manage to break its disk encryption, there would be no logs or information that would tie any individual user to a particular event, website, or behavior. 8\. THIRD-PARTY SERVICES You may access other third-party services while using the DPN services, for example by clicking on links or advertisements of those third-party services from within the Services. We do not fully guarantee and take any responsibility for the privacy policies and/or practices of these third-party services, and we encourage you to carefully review their privacy policies. 9\. CHILDREN'S PRIVACY We feel under a particular obligation to protect information obtained from minors. We would strongly urge parents to instruct their children never to disclose their real name, their address or their telephone number while they are on-line without prior permission. BandWidth Labs Inc. does not knowingly collect information from children under the age of 18, and children under the legal age under any applicable law in any jurisdiction of residency/from which the Services are used are not encouraged to use our services without the strict supervision of their parent or legal guardian. We will not take any responsibility if your child suffers any consequences by using our services themselves or due to the lack of your supervision. If you learn that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of this Privacy Policy, you can alert us at When you become one of our users for the DPN services, you may access certain information associated with you by emailing . If you decide not to use our DPN services any more, any public activity on your Account prior to deletion may remain stored on our servers and may remain accessible to the public. To protect your privacy and security, we may also take reasonable steps to verify your identity before updating or removing your information. The information you provide us may be archived or stored periodically by us according to backup processes conducted in the ordinary course of business for disaster recovery purposes. Your ability to access and correct your information may be temporarily limited where access and correction could: inhibit our ability to comply with a legal obligation; inhibit our ability to investigate, make or defend legal claims; result in disclosure of personal information about a third party; or result in breach of a contract or disclosure of trade secrets or other proprietary business information belonging to us or a third party. 11\. GDPR BandWidth Labs Inc. is committed to user privacy globally, and personal information under users' control and minimal collection of data are our existing practices. According to the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union (EU), we collect and process the data in a specific manner of users in EU outlined in this Privacy Policy on one of the following bases, depending on the circumstances: i) For the purposes of fulfilling our contractual obligations to users, including: * Providing users with the DPN services and Apps they have requested. * Managing user subscriptions and processing payments. * Providing customer support. ii) For a legitimate interest associated with the operation of our business, including: \* Enhancing the quality, reliability, and effectiveness of our DPN Services, and Apps. \* Communicating with customers to provide information and seek feedback related to our DPN services and Apps. You can withdraw your consent at any time. Withdrawing your consent will not affect the lawfulness of any processing we conducted prior to your withdrawal, nor will it affect the processing of your personal information conducted in reliance on lawful processing grounds other than consent. As well, you have the right to opt-out of marketing communications we send you at any time. You can exercise this right by clicking on the "unsubscribe" or "opt-out" link in the marketing emails we send you. You can exercise your rights under the GDPR to access, transfer, correct, delete, or object to the processing of your personal information by contacting us at: 12\. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS BandWidth Labs Inc. is a global business and has several partners in the world that help us to provide the services for you. We may transfer personal information to countries other than the country in which the data was originally collected. These countries may not have the same data protection laws or regulations as the country in which you initially provided the information. When you use our Services, you understand and acknowledge that your personal data may be transferred outside of the country where you reside.When we transfer your personal information to other countries, we will protect that information as described in this Privacy Policy. 13\. CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY For the purpose to comply with applicable privacy laws and principles, this Privacy Policy may be modified from time to time without prior notice to you, so please review it frequently. Your continued use of our DPN services constitutes your acceptance of our Privacy Policy. Changes to this Privacy Policy will be posted on our websites. If we materially change the ways in which we use or share personal information previously collected from you through our DPN services, we will notify you through our APP, email, or other communication.